International Car Shipping – Ship a Car to or from the USA

yellow A1 Auto Transport carrier on highway

Considerations

  • International car shipping averages $1.00–$3.50 per mile, with total costs ranging from $1,000–$5,000 depending on route and vehicle size.
  • Ocean transit times range from 14–45 days based on origin port, customs clearance, and final destination logistics.
  • All international carriers must comply with FMCSA, DOT, and maritime regulations, including bonded status and mandatory vehicle inspection protocols.
4.7 Star Rating4.7 (67,926 reviews)
96.3% positive
Best price guarantee: save 20% compared to other companies with our local partner carriers!
Open-Air or Enclosed Transport
Door-to-Door Delivery
Terminal-to-Terminal
Specialty Vehicle
Globe
190+
Countries
Served
Car
2M+
Delivered
Services
Car
97%
Customer
Recommended
International Car Shipping – Ship a Car to or from the USA

Complete Guide to Vehicle Shipping Overseas & Expert Tips

Transporting a vehicle across borders requires more than just logistics. It involves careful planning, compliance with import and export regulations, and selecting an exemplary service. Over 1.2 million vehicles are shipped globally each year, with containerized transport handling approximately 75% of all shipments. The top destinations for vehicle shipping overseas include the United States, Saudi Arabia, France, the Netherlands, England, Italy, and Australia, accounting for more than 60% of total exports.

Unlike domestic transport, shipping a car overseas involves additional complexities such as customs clearance, import duties, and specialized transport methods. The most common options include container shipping and roll-on/roll-off (RoRo) transport, while air freight is typically used for luxury, exotic, or time-sensitive vehicles.

To ensure a hassle-free experience, partnering with a reliable international auto shipping company is key. A professional service provider will handle customs documentation, secure transport, and final delivery, ensuring your vehicle reaches its destination safely and efficiently.

Pinned
New Deals are now available for shipping all types vehicles using our vetted reliable shippers. Compare price estimates & Unlock up 25% off.

Cost & Time Examples For Shipping a Vehicle Worldwide

To/FromGroundOceanEstimated Time
New York, NY to (New York port) to Germany$275$1,2005+19 days
Los Angeles to (California port) to UK$350$3,7005+32 days
Las Vegas, NV to (California port) to New Zealand$450$2,4005+26 days
Portland, OR to (California port) to Puerto Rico$475$3,3006+20 days
Phoenix, AZ to (California port) to Hawaii$550$2,0006+15 days
Columbus, OH to (New York port) to Spain$550$1,4005+19 days
Detroit, MI to (New York port) to Argentina$575$3,0006+26 days
Chicago, IL to (New York port) to Costa Rica$675$3,6006+16 days
Miami, FL to (New York port) to Belgium$925$1,2007+18 days
Dallas, TX to (California port) to Australia$1,025$1,5007+30 days
a large vessel near a port

The cost of shipping a vehicle overseas varies based on multiple factors, including distance, destination, vehicle type, and shipping method. On average, international car shipping prices range from $2,000 to $7,000+. However, rates may fluctuate depending on the season, fuel costs, and import/export regulations.

Here are some key factors to consider when estimating your shipping costs:

  • Shipping Method: A dedicated 20ft container is the safest and most secure option, allowing additional personal belongings to be shipped alongside the vehicle. Alternatively, the roll-on/roll-off (RoRo) method is a more budget-friendly option with faster transit times.
  • Additional Fees & Documentation: Allow at least 10 days for customs processing. Import duties, taxes, and port fees vary by country, so checking destination-specific regulations is essential.
  • Port Proximity: To save on domestic transport costs, consider delivering your vehicle to the nearest international shipping port.

For an accurate estimate based on your specific needs, use our Worldwide Car Shipping Calculator or contact our experts for a personalized quote. Our team ensures a seamless process, handling everything from paperwork to final delivery.

A1 Auto Transport ships vehicles worldwide with a seamless and secure process. Get a free, no-obligation quote today by clicking here or calling 1-800-518-8708. Our dedicated customer support team is ready to assist with all your international auto transport needs. With decades of experience, we have built a reputation for safe, efficient, and cost-effective vehicle shipping overseas.

Relocating Your Vehicle Overseas: Exploring the Best Shipping Options

Planning to move abroad and need a reliable way to ship your car overseas? Whether you're relocating for work, military deployment, or an extended stay, choosing the right international shipping method is essential. We offer two primary shipping options:

Container Shipping – The most secure way to transport a vehicle internationally, ideal for luxury, classic, or high-value cars.
Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) Shipping – A cost-effective option for standard vehicles, allowing your car to be driven directly onto the ship.

Each method has its own benefits, depending on your budget, timeline, and vehicle type. Not sure which option is best for you? Check out our customer reviews and let our team guide you through the process.

Freight Car Overseas-Sailing Smoothly

Imagine your car rolling onto a massive ship like it's driving into a floating parking space. That's RoRo Delivery for you! This method is as simple as it sounds. Your car is driven onto the ship's deck, securely parked, and then it sails to the destination. Easy-peasy with the right Worldwide car delivery companies.

row of colorful semi-trucks parked side by side

Global Car Shipment: Types of Vehicles We Move Overseas

  • Classic vehicles and luxury cars
  • Motorcycles, Harley, and sports bikes
  • Sports utility and all-terrain (SUVs & ATVs) moving vehicles overseas
  • Electric and alternative energy freight vehicles internationally
  • Collections and dealership inventory
  • Recreational vehicles (RVs), motor homes, and fifth-wheels
  • Privately owned vehicles (POV) for Cross-border military vehicle shipping
  • Oversize vehicles and heavy equipment
  • Yachts, boats, and other watercraft

Car Export Requirements for International Auto Shipping

Navigating the legal paperwork for overseas vehicle shipping can be one of the most challenging aspects of the process. From customs clearance to import/export regulations, ensuring compliance is crucial. This is where an experienced international car shipping company can make all the difference.

At A-1 Auto Transport, our team of expert customs agents streamlines the process, handling all necessary documentation for a hassle-free vehicle shipment. Whether you choose container shipping or RoRo transport, we ensure smooth delivery with efficient customs processing and high customer satisfaction.

military person standing in front of a large cargo truck

International Vehicles Shipment For Military

Our International military shipping program offers one of the most affordable ways for service members to move a privately owned vehicle anywhere in the world. We proudly offer military discounts for active-duty Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Air Force, and veterans shipping overseas. In addition, service members will love our reduced-price transfer quotes for moving container vehicles. Use the form at the top of the page to get a vehicle freight quote for transporting your car overseas today.

a large cargo vessel being guided by tugboats

Overseas Auto Relocation Info Center

a man poses next to a truck

Relevant Statistics

  • The global vehicle shipping market is valued at over $10 billion, with steady growth driven by international trade and consumer demand.
  • The car carrier industry is expected to surpass $12 billion in 2025, supported by advancements in eco-friendly transport solutions.
  • The global automotive logistics market is projected to grow steadily, with increasing demand for cross-border vehicle transport.
  • More than 2 million cars are transported across international waters annually.
  • The average time for shipping a vehicle overseas ranges from 30 to 40 days, depending on the destination and method used.
  • Over 75% of international auto shipments are conducted through containerized shipping, ensuring secure transportation.
red semi-truck with white trailer driving

General Facts

  • International car shipping involves moving vehicles from one country to another using specialized logistics services.
  • It requires compliance with various regulations, including import/export laws, customs documentation, and emissions standards.
  • Shipping costs depend on multiple factors, including distance, destination, vehicle size, and the chosen shipping method.
  • Full container shipping is the safest and most reliable way to transport a vehicle overseas, while Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) is a more budget-friendly option.
  • Some countries restrict certain car models based on age, fuel type, or emissions standards.
a white vehicle parked in a lot with stacked colorful vessel containers

Delivery Timeframes and Options

  • Sea Freight: Shipping a car by sea generally takes between 30 to 40 days, depending on the route and transit conditions.
  • Air Freight: The fastest option for international vehicle transport, often delivering within a few days, but at a significantly higher cost.
  • Full Container Load (FCL): A faster shipping method where the entire container is used for one vehicle, providing extra security and quicker processing.
  • Less Than Container Load (LCL): A cost-effective option where multiple shipments share a single container, but with slightly longer delivery times.
  • Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo): The most economical way to ship a car overseas, with quicker loading/unloading times but limited destinations.

Additional Considerations

  • Proper documentation, including vehicle titles, customs declarations, and import permits, is essential for international car shipping.
  • Customs clearance procedures can vary by country, so working with a professional auto shipping company can simplify the process.
  • The rise of electric vehicle (EV) exports is influencing global shipping trends, with specific transport requirements for battery-powered cars.
  • Insurance coverage for international car shipments is recommended to protect against potential damage or delays.

Related Content

Frequently Asked Questions

How Much Does it Cost to Ship a Car Internationally?

Shipping a car internationally involves multiple cost factors, making it more expensive than domestic transport. The price depends on various elements, including destination, shipping method, and vehicle specifications. Here's a breakdown of what influences the cost:

1. Destination

The shipping cost varies depending on the country. Some destinations have higher port fees, import duties, and stringent customs regulations, which increase the overall expense. For example, shipping to Europe typically costs between $1,000 and $3,000, while shipments to Africa can range from $1,200 to $4,000.

2. Vehicle Weight & Size

Larger and heavier vehicles incur higher shipping costs due to limited cargo space. Compact cars cost less (starting at $900), while SUVs and trucks can exceed $3,500.

3. Distance & Route

Longer distances and remote locations increase costs. Shipping a car from the U.S. to Europe averages $1,500–$3,000, while destinations in Asia or Australia may cost $2,500–$5,000.

4. Shipping Method

RoRo (Roll-on/Roll-off): The most affordable option, starting at $800–$1,500.

Container Shipping: Safer but more expensive, ranging from $1,500 to $5,000, depending on the container size.

Air Freight: The fastest but most expensive, costing $5,000 to $40,000.

5. Seasonal Pricing

International car shipping rates fluctuate based on demand. Winter is typically cheaper, while summer sees higher rates due to increased relocations.

6. Customs & Import Fees

Each country has different tax rates and duties. For example, Germany charges 10% import duty plus 19% VAT, while Mexico has lower import taxes but strict emissions requirements.

7. Storage & Delivery Options

If your car arrives before you can pick it up, storage fees apply. Door-to-door shipping is convenient but adds to the overall cost.

Shipping overseas

What is the Average Transit Time for Cross-border car transfer?

Much like pricing, the total transit time for your international shipment may vary. Again, it largely depends on how far your vehicle is being transported and your chosen method.

For instance, air freight is much faster than ocean shipping your car overseas, but it is less cost-effective. Transit time ranges from 5 to 30 days or more When using traditional ocean Transporting methods.

Do You Need a Title to Ship a Car?

In most cases, you don’t need the title to ship a car, but some carriers might ask for proof of ownership, like registration or a bill of sale. It’s always best to check with your transporter beforehand.

Can I Ship a Car With Stuff Inside?

Yes, you can ship a car with personal items inside, but it depends on the carrier. Most companies allow up to 100 lbs of belongings in the trunk, but they’re not liable for lost or damaged items. It’s always best to check with your transporter for their specific policy.

How Much Fuel Do I Leave in the Tank?

Generally, We suggest leaving a quarter of a fuel tank or less. The carrier should have enough fuel to load and unload your vehicle.

The more fuel that you leave in your car, the heavier it is. Since vehicle weight impacts Dispatching rates, having a full gas tank may increase the cost of your international transit services.

Can My Vehicle Be Shipped If It is Inoperable?

Yes, inoperable vehicles can still be shipped. However, our carriers must utilize additional equipment to load inoperable vehicles. While we do not charge more for this service, some of our carriers might.

What Documents Are Needed for Overseas Car Relocation?

The most important document needed for Overseas shipping is the title. Before shipping your vehicle internationally, you must present the original title to a carrier.

If your car is subject to a lien, you need an official letter from the lien holder. Some lien holders prohibit their vehicles from being shipped Overseas.

What is RORO Shipping?

RORO means roll-on/roll-off. During the loading phase, the carrier will drive your car onto the trailer. They will also drive the vehicle off of the trailer/out of the container when it arrives at the final destination. RORO moving is the most affordable method, but it offers no protection from the elements.

What is Container hauling?

If you choose container shipping, the carrier will load your car into a secure metal container. This method offers superior protection against damage and inclement weather.

However, most trailers can only accommodate one or two moving containers at a time. This means that you will pay more for the ground portion of the transit.

cost of international auto shipping

Which Transportation Option Should I Choose?

When you’re contemplating which option to choose, consider how much protection you want for your vehicle. If your vehicle is classic or exotic , we recommend container shipping. It will protect your vehicle and minimize the risk of damage during transit.

On the other hand, RORO loading is more affordable. Your vehicle will still be placed inside container before being loaded onto a ship for international transport.

Is My Car Insured During Transit?

A shipping company should offer insurance for all Transportation options, including international transit. However, we need more than our standard coverage to cover the entire value of your vehicle in the event of an unexpected incident. That is why many clients choose to purchase additional insurance to cover the full value of their vehicle.

While our carriers are known for providing exceptional transport solutions, accidents can still happen. If you notice that your car suffered damage during the transit process, please contact our team immediately. We will document the incident and connect you with our insurance provider. The insurance company will guide you through the claims process.

What is the Cheapest Shipping Method for My Car?

The cheapest method for your dream car internationally involves RORO ground transport and ocean freight.If you live near a shipping port, you can even choose to drive your vehicle to the facility. This will save you money because your car can be loaded directly onto a ship for ocean transportation.

When you book your international auto shipping services with A-1 Auto Transport, we will outline options based on your location and an overseas destination where the car arrives. Ask about port drop-off options if you are interested in taking advantage of this cost-saving measure.

What Does Door-to-Door Shipping Mean?

Door-to-door is the most convenient option. As the name implies, our carriers literally come to your door to pick up your vehicle. Then, they will respond to your home and load the vehicle onto a transport trailer.

Once you have arrived at the destination, the carrier will arrange delivery of the vehicle to your new home. All you will need to do is sign for the vehicle at drop-off. You will not have to respond to a shipping terminal.

While this method requires the least effort on your end, it also has the most additional costs.

What is the Safest Delivery Method?

The safest international auto-shipping method available is container. Your vehicle will be placed securely in a steel container before it leaves the loading location. It will remain in that container until it arrives at the final destination , and you pick it up.

Where Can My Car Be Shipped To?

A-1 Auto Transport works with carriers that ship vehicles across the globe. As a result , we can accommodate virtually any Delivery request.

Do I Need to Be Present When the Carrier Arrives to Load My Car?

Yes, you or a representative must be present when the carrier arrives to load your vehicle. The representative must have the required documents in their possession and sign the bill of lading. Required documents may include items such as a driver’s license and the title of the vehicle.

Can I Choose My Pick Up Date and Time?

A-1 Auto Transport strives to provide customers with great service with the pick-up dates that they request. However, this is only sometimes possible. The sooner you reach out to our team to book your international car transport, the better your chances are for getting your desired dates.

shipping cars overseas

Can I Track My Car While It is Being Transported or Can i Track My Car Shipment?

Yes, most auto transport companies offer tracking options, either through online tracking systems, GPS updates, or direct communication with the carrier. Just ask your provider for the best way to stay updated on your car’s journey!

Am I Eligible for Discounts?

Potentially, yes. The only way to find out whether you are eligible for international car shipping discounts is to ask. Our partner carriers typically offer discounts to:

  • Veterans
  • Students
  • Government employees
  • Healthcare workers

Some of our carriers also offer seasonal discounts. When you contact our sales team, we will discuss any potential cost-effective opportunities that are currently available.

Can I Arrange Multiple Car Shipments at Once?

Of course, you can! A-1 Auto Transport has decades of industry experience and can accommodate shipping orders of all sizes. So , whether you need to ship one car or ten, A-1 and our partner carriers are up to the task.

That said, it is vital to schedule multi-car international shipments early. Organizing these services requires more resources and time than a single-vehicle load. Therefore, we recommend reaching out one month in advance if you need to ship multiple cars internationally.

Will I Receive Notice When the Carrier is on the Way to Pick Up My Vehicle?

You will generally be contacted 12 to 24 hours before your pickup date. Unfortunately, due to the nature of international transport, we are unable to provide an exact arrival time.

Instead, we provide you with a projected arrival window. For instance, we may inform you that the carrier will arrive on January 1st between the hours of 1 pm and 4 pm. If the carrier experiences delays, such as inclement weather or a traffic jam, they will notify you immediately.

What are the Steps Involved in Worldwide car forwarding?

Hauling cars internationally involves several steps. These include:

  • Contacting A-1 Auto Transport
  • We coordinate with a partner carrier
  • The carrier takes possession of your car (door pick-up or terminal drop-off available)
  • Your vehicle is transported to the destination country.
  • You inspect and take possession of the vehicle

The steps mentioned above only outline the most notable aspects of our international shipping process.

In addition, you will need to provide the required documentation and sign a bill of lading. Then , when you speak with our sales team, we will provide you with a more complete overview of our process.

international car transport overseas

How Do I Pay?

A-1 Auto Transport offers a variety of flexible payment options. You can make your payment online or over the phone. We want the entire international shipping process to be as stress-free and efficient as possible.

Can You Ship Classic Cars or Exotic Cars on Global-scale?

A-1 Auto Transport can arrange any international vehicle shipment, including classic and exotic cars. Our carriers are experienced in transporting all types of vehicles and understand that high-value items require an exceptional level of care.

That said, we recommend that you opt for more secure transport methods when transferring these vehicles. It would help if you considered upgrading to an enclosed trailer or container freight to keep your exotic car damage-free. If you want to ensure your exotic vehicle arrives fast when shipping internationally, then air freight is also a great option.

Our basic Global-scale shipping insurance will cover only part of the value of this vehicle. That is why you should purchase supplemental insurance coverage. Many car insurance providers also offer protection. Check with your current provider to learn more.

What Are the Shipping Documents?

The required shipping documents typically include the vehicle title, registration, proof of insurance, and a bill of lading. Some international shipments may also need customs paperwork and a notarized power of attorney. Your transport provider will guide you on the exact requirements!

How can I save money on Worldwide vehicle shipping?

To save money on worldwide vehicle shipping, plan ahead and book early to secure the best rates. Opting for open transport instead of enclosed shipping can also lower costs while still ensuring safe delivery. Being flexible with your shipping dates allows you to take advantage of lower-priced options. Additionally, comparing quotes from multiple international auto shippers helps find the best deal. Choosing port-to-port shipping instead of door-to-door can further reduce expenses. Finally, make sure your vehicle is clean, empty, and prepared for transport to avoid unexpected fees.

How to find the best vehicle transfer company?

Finding the best vehicle transfer company starts with researching reputable auto shippers. Look for companies with positive customer reviews, proper licensing, and experience in international and domestic shipping. Compare quotes, services, and insurance coverage to ensure you get the best deal. A1 Auto Transport is a trusted choice, offering reliable, secure, and affordable vehicle shipping worldwide. With years of experience and top-tier customer service, we make the process smooth and hassle-free. Get a free quote today!

How much does it cost to ship a car to Africa?

The cost to ship a car to Africa varies based on the destination country, vehicle size, and shipping method. On average, RoRo (Roll-on/Roll-off) shipping starts at $1,100, while container shipping can range from $1,800 to $7,500. Factors like customs duties, taxes, and port fees also impact the total cost. Many international car shipping companies offer customized quotes based on these variables.

What are the requirements for shipping a car overseas?

To ship a car internationally, you typically need:

Vehicle title & registration (Ownership proof)

Bill of sale (For new purchases)

Export declaration (Required by U.S. Customs)

Valid ID & shipping agreement

Import permits & taxes (vary by destination)

Some countries require additional documents, such as emissions compliance certificates or roadworthiness tests. Always check with auto shippers internationally for specific country regulations.

What is the cheapest way to ship a car overseas?

The most cost-effective way to ship a car overseas is RoRo shipping, where vehicles are driven onto a cargo ship. Prices start as low as $800–$1,500, depending on the route. Choosing a major shipping hub, consolidating in a shared container, or selecting a port-to-port service can further reduce costs. However, container shipping is safer for high-value vehicles despite the added expense.

Can you ship a car overseas for profit?

Yes, but it requires careful planning. Many businesses buy cars in markets where they are cheaper and resell them overseas at a profit. Popular destinations for resale include Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe. When considering shipping cars overseas for profit, factors like import taxes, duties, local demand, and resale value must be analyzed to ensure profitability.

Do you need a title to ship a car?

Yes, a clear vehicle title is required for international shipping. If a lien exists on the car, you need a lienholder’s release letter. Some exceptions exist for military relocations or classic cars, but documentation must always be verified with international auto transport providers before shipping.

Dave loved the fast delivery Dave C.
★★★★★
Dave loved the fast delivery
My relocation to Chicago was fast, smooth and without any delay thanks to A1 Auto.
Courtney enjoyed the honest guidance Courtney J.
★★★★★
Courtney enjoyed the honest guidance
Just what you need when trusting someone with your wheels! Kudos to this company!
Jeff enjoyed the fair price Jeff D.
★★★★★
Jeff enjoyed the fair price
Moved my ride hassle-free with these folks.Fair pricing, no surprises. Definitely recommend them!
Maria enjoyed the special care and safety Maria L.
★★★★★
Maria enjoyed the special care and safety
Huge thanks to the movers – they were meticulous with my car. Love these guys.
Recently featured on USA Today

“A1 Auto Transport became synonymous with top-notch service delivery, unfailing punctuality and constantly preoccupied with customer satisfaction.

See Article— USA Today
Share this content on social media for a chance to get up to 20% off your next shipment.
Copy link
Joe Webster
Written ByJoe Webster
Connect with Joe Webster on facebookConnect with Joe Webster on linkedin
Albert Perez
Awesome Service
★★★★★

If you’re looking for a professional company to safely transport your vehicle, A1 Auto Transport is the way to go. A friend recommended them to me, and I’m more than happy to pass on that recommendation. They picked up my car within three days of scheduling in the San Francisco Bay Area and delivered it to San Antonio just four days later. In total, it took only seven days from order to final delivery. Exceptional service all around!

Mike Chiperkin
pricing was the most competitive
★★★★★

Transporting a freshly painted Toyota Supra Turbo from Australia to Hawaii comes with a lot of risk, as you can imagine. After extensive research, I chose A1 Auto Transport to handle the enclosed shipment from my importer in Texas to the Matson vehicle pickup port in O'ahu. Their communication was top-notch, and their online chat support was always available and responsive. The assigned carrier took nearly 60 pictures of my car between pickup and drop-off, which gave me peace of mind. Best of all, their pricing was the most competitive among the options I explored. 1,000% would trust them again for future shipments. The car was super dusty from the journey, but it cleaned up well!

Joanna Thomson
If I could give them 10 stars
★★★★★

Absolutely professional, detail-oriented, and experienced! If I could give them 10 stars, I would. My vehicle was picked up on time and delivered without a single issue. A1 Auto Transport kept me informed throughout the entire process. I will definitely continue using them to transport my Volvo to and from Florida each year. Amazing experience from start to finish!

LaShayla Wise
detailed communication from pickup to delivery was impressive
★★★★★

I’m 100% satisfied with the level of service and overall experience with A1 Auto Transport. I shipped my SUV from Oregon to North Carolina in November 2024, and the entire process was seamless. The trucking company and driver selected by them were exceptional, and the detailed communication from pickup to delivery was impressive. I’ll definitely be using A1 for my future vehicle shipping needs!

Visit our social, and see what our clients are saying about us:

Ship Your Vehicle With A-1 Auto Today
Customer Images
7790 people shipped using A-1 Auto Transport last week
Scratch-Free Guarantee
Vetted Carriers
Transparent Costs

Our Partners:

Better Business Bureau Accredited
FMCSA Member
INC. 500 Member
VeriSign Secured
AMSA Member

A-1 Auto Transport is a disclosed agent for the following shipping companies:

CSI Logistics
435 Division Street
Elizabeth, NJ 07201
FMC 22206
Intl Cargo
45 Campus Drive
Edison, NJ 08837
NO. 17858N
Trans Global Auto Logistics, Inc.
3401 E Randol Mill Rd,
Arlington, TX 76011
NO. 018191NF
CFR Rinkens
15501 Texaco Avenue
Paramount, CA 90723
NO. 013055NF
ABC Worldwide LLC
2840 NW 2nd Ave #105
Boca Raton, FL 33431
NO. 025472F
ShipYourCarNow LLC
1160 South Rogers Circle Suite 1
Boca Raton, FL 33487
NO. 025646
Merco Air & Ocean Cargo, Inc.
6 Fir Way
Cooper City, FL 33026
NO. 021869F
Copyright © 1988-2025, A-1 Auto Transport Inc. - All Rights Reserved.